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Mario Mizzi

The legal obligation to disclose information is a frequent occurrence in investment services laws. The draft framework for regulating artificial intelligence in the EU also puts vigorous emphasis on transparency. In this insight briefing, we compare the transparency obligations under the AIFMD with Article 52 of the draft EU AI Act to analyse the former’s adroitness for AI utilisation.
AI & Funds #4 – Transparency Obligations Investment Services & Funds

AI & Funds #4 – Transparency Obligations

In the ‘Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence’ (the “draft EU AI Act”), transparency is regulated by Article 13 and Article 52 thereof. The former applies to systems of Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) which are classified as high-risk and the latter applies to limited-risk AI systems. As explained in the previous briefing of this series of insights on AI and investment funds, the use of AI in investment services will generally fall under limited-risk AI systems. The reason being that high-risk AI systems as defined under the draft EU AI Act do not include AI systems…
Mario Mizzi
2nd March 2023
The proposed EU AI Act will provide for four risk classifications of artificial intelligence. Each classification will trigger different rules. In this insight briefing we analyse the use of AI in investment funds to determine which one of the four AI classifications would be applicable.
AI & Funds #3 – Risk Classifications Investment Services & Funds

AI & Funds #3 – Risk Classifications

If the draft EU regulation on Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) titled ‘Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence’ (the “draft EU AI Act”) becomes law, investment funds could have an additional risk which would need consideration, namely, the AI risk. As outlined in previous briefings in this insight-series, the definition of AI as provided in Article 3 of the draft EU AI Act will be an umbrella term which includes machine-learning and algorithms which are already being used in the asset management industry according to a report1 by the European Securities and Markets Authority. The draft EU…
Mario Mizzi
23rd February 2023
In this insight briefing, we analyse the draft EU directive on non-contractual liability relating to AI and compare it with non-contractual liability in the UCITS V directive and the AIFMD to decipher how AI’s non-contractual liability can impact EU-licensed investment funds.
AI & Funds #2 – non-contractual liability Investment Services & Funds

AI & Funds #2 – non-contractual liability

In addition to the draft EU regulation on Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) titled ‘Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence’ (the “draft EU AI Act”), the EU Commission is also proposing a separate draft directive on non-contractual liability relating to AI titled ‘Proposal for a Directive on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence’ (the “draft AI Liability Directive”). Whilst the draft EU AI Act aims to define AI and mitigate risks by safeguarding fundamental rights in the use of AI within the EU, the draft AI Liability Directive sets forth provisions allowing persons to bring…
Mario Mizzi
16th February 2023
we share our insights on when the investment discretion shifts from humans to AI by analysing whether a legal definition of artificial intelligence has been determined.
AI & Funds #1 – investment discretion Investment Services & Funds

AI & Funds #1 – investment discretion

When one instructs a painter to draw a portrait (no matter how detailed the instructions may be) the painter will always have discretion in executing the final product. Likewise, in investment funds, the investment manager is instructed to invest according to various rules and timeframes which are detailed in the investment strategy as approved by the competent financial regulator, but there will still remain investment discretion on how the investment strategy is executed. This discretion is normally based on a number of statistically orientated formulas which analyses quantitative and qualitative data. Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) is being increasingly used in these…
Mario Mizzi
8th February 2023
In this series of weekly briefings, insights will be shared on the impact that artificial intelligence is making on the asset management industry and investment services in general.
AI & Funds – insight briefings Investment Services & Funds

AI & Funds – insight briefings

The impact that Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) is making on investment services has been the subject of a recent publication, dated 1st February 2023, which was issued by the European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”). The publication, entitled “Artificial intelligence in EU securities markets”, provides data on the methods that stakeholders are implementing to incorporate powerful digital tools in their regulated financial products. ESMA’s publication makes reference to the inherent notion that AI is an “umbrella” term which incorporates machine-learning as well as other forms of Big Data solutions. In fact, ESMA notes that in the funds industry certain managers use…
Mario Mizzi
3rd February 2023