EU

Open Finance is becoming a pivotal element in the evolution of the European Union's regulatory framework for payment services, most notably embodied in the anticipated Third Payment Services Directive (“PSD3”). The European Banking Authority (“EBA”) has proposed significant revisions to the current legislation, many of which aim to further the objectives of enhancing competition, facilitating innovation, increasing payment transaction security, protecting consumers, and creating a unified EU retail payments market​. The second version of the Payment Services Directive1 (“PSD2”) was last updated in 2015 and came into force in 2018. PSD2 not only offers clear guidelines to the payment service…

Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) are financial institutions that offer electronic money services to customers. Legislation on EMIs is partially harmonised in the EU as there is only an Electronic Money Directive (Directive 2009/110/EC) (“EMD”) rather than a regulation. In Malta, the EMD is transposed in the Financial Institutions Act, Chapter 376 of the Laws of Malta. Article 2 of the EMD defines electronic money as “electronically, including magnetically, stored monetary value as represented by a claim on the issuer which is issued on receipt of funds for the purpose of making payment transactions as defined in point 5 of Article…

The progression of online financial ecosystems supporting any modern economy hinges on the citizens’ use of new financial technologies. In Malta, the word ‘fintech’ is neither defined by law nor found in the jurisdiction’s primary legislation. Yet, local stakeholders on the island commonly limit the meaning of the word to blockchain-based finance. In reality, at EU level (and to a certain extent, globally), fintech comprises all those banking and digital payment solutions which make use of the internet and other electronic means rather than using ink and paper. These include electronic money institutions, payment service providers, and banks using any…