Introduction Directive No. 19 (the “Directive”), issued by the Central Bank of Malta (the “CBM” or the “Central Bank”) on the 7th July 2021 officially came into effect on 1st January 2022, with amendments issued in September 2024. It applies to all paper-based instruments issued, processed, or encashed within Malta’s jurisdiction, as long as these instruments are denominated in euros. The Directive sets the framework for the safe and effective use of cheques and bank drafts (collectively referred to as "paper-based instruments") where the payer, payee and the regulated institutions servicing the paper-based instruments are all located in Malta. It…
Chapter 647 of the Laws of Malta, titled the Markets In Crypto-Assets Act (hereinafter referred to as “Chapter 647”), integrates all aspects of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and Council on markets in crypto-assets (“MiCAR”). MiCAR regulates the issuers of asset-referenced tokens (“ARTs”), electronic money tokens (“EMTs”), other types of tokens, as well as the conduct of crypto asset service providers (“CASPs”). Malta’s presidential assent to Chapter 647 was given on the 5th of November 2024 through Act No. XXXVI of 2024 (“Act 36 (2024)”); and it was promulgated on the same day. Similar to MiCAR, Act 36…
1. Introduction We are not only living in a digital age but also in an age where individuals and businesses increasingly depend on banks for their day-to-day activities. The convergence of these two factors is compounded with the increased use of artificial intelligence (AI) both generally and specifically in the banking sector. From a general perspective, AI start-ups in 2013 received USD 2 bn in investments globally which increased twelvefold in 2018 to USD 24 bn . The European Commission is also planning to invest a total of €112 mm in AI, quantum research and innovation . More specifically, recent…